Longevity Papers

Although senolytics such as dasatinib and quercetin (D+Q) show promise in modulating aging, their tissue-specific efficacy and optimal intervention timing remain poorly understood. Given D+Q's potential off-target effects, incomplete senescent cell clearance and associated hematologic side effects, we performed an unbiased multitissue single-cell analysis in aged mice across different aging phenotypes and tissue contexts. Here through integrative transcriptomics, single-cell technologies, histopathology and molecular profiling, we investigated the influence of D+Q treatment on aging-related phenotypes at the tissue and cellular levels. Specifically, D+Q remodeled immunity by enhancing immune cell function and maintaining population stability, alleviated tissue inflammation and improved metabolic profiles. Furthermore, intervention initiated during early aging and prolonged treatment showed a greater tendency to mitigate readouts of aging compared to shorter, late-stage treatment. Our findings reveal that D+Q systematically attenuates several aging hallmarks in a tissue- and cell-type-specific manner, and support the possibility that early-initiated, long-term intervention may amplify efficacy.

Age and early life adversity (ELA) are key determinants of health, but whether they affect similar physiological mechanisms across tissues is unknown. We generated DNA methylation (DNAm) profiles across 14 tissues in 237 semi-free-ranging rhesus macaques with naturally occurring ELA. Age-associated DNAm was predominantly tissue dependent, yet tissue-specific epigenetic clocks showed that epigenetic aging was relatively consistent within individuals. ELA effects were adversity dependent, but each ELA exerted coordinated effects across tissues. Although ELA targeted many of the same loci as age, the directions of effects differed, which indicates that ELA does not uniformly increase epigenetic age. Instead, ELA leaves a coordinated, cross-tissue epigenetic signature that is distinct from-yet intertwined with-age-related differences, which advances our understanding of how early environments sculpt the molecular foundations of aging and disease.

Evidence identifies proteostasis imbalance and oxidative stress serve as fundamental pathological hallmarks of muscular atrophy, yet ring finger protein 10 (RNF10), a novel E3 ubiquitin ligase, in age-related muscular atrophy remains poorly characterized. Employing a natural aging mouse model and D-galactose-induced senescent C2C12 myotubes, we performed loss- and gain-of-function approaches for RNF10 with the aim of elucidating its downstream regulatory mechanisms. Aged mice showed significant declines in skeletal muscle mass and exercise capacity. Histological analysis revealed a significant reduction in gastrocnemius muscle (GAS) fiber cross-sectional area (CSA). Both in vivo and in vitro experiments showed elevated aging markers, increased inflammatory factors, decreased protein synthesis, enhanced proteolysis, and upregulated muscle atrophy indicators accompanied by nearly 50% reduction of RNF10 expression. AAV-mediated restoration of RNF10 in aged mice improved skeletal muscle mass and function, while reducing inflammatory levels and enhancing systemic antioxidant capacity. Mechanistically, RNF10 directly interacted with p53 to promote its ubiquitin-dependent degradation, which in turn reduced oxidative stress and improved mitochondrial function. In senescent myotubes, RNF10 deficiency elevated mitochondrial oxidative stress and disrupted proteostasis, effects that were rescued by p53 inhibition. TIGAR expression increased upon p53 degradation, and TIGAR silencing abolished the protective effects against myotube atrophy and oxidative stress, indicating that TIGAR is required for these beneficial outcomes. Our findings demonstrate that promoting RNF10-mediated p53 degradation represents a promising therapeutic strategy for sarcopenia intervention.

Cellular senescence contributes to inflammaging in part through the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). R-loops, three-stranded nucleic acid structures, contribute to innate immune response in cancers; however, the role of R-loops in senescence and inflammaging remains largely unknown. Here we show that nuclear-derived cytoplasmic R-loops promote the SASP and inflammaging. We detect an accumulation of nuclear-derived R-loops in the cytoplasm of senescent cells with an enrichment in alpha-satellite repeats. These cytoplasmic R-loops localize into cytoplasmic chromatin fragments (CCFs) and activate the cGAS-STING innate immune pathway to drive the SASP. We identify the exportin-1 (XPO1)-DEAD-Box helicase 1 (DDX1) complex as essential for the nuclear export of R-loops and their subsequent localization into CCFs. Inhibition of XPO1 with KPT-330 suppresses nuclear R-loop export and its localization into CCFs, attenuates the SASP, mitigates age-associated inflammation and extends healthspan. These findings reveal nuclear export of R-loops as a potential target for suppressing age-associated inflammation.

Mitochondrial Lon protease 1 (LONP1) is an ATP-dependent protease involved in mitochondrial protein quality control, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) maintenance, and stress adaptation. Beyond this canonical role, accumulating evidence links LONP1 to metabolic rewiring, inflammatory signaling, immune-cell polarization, and disease-associated mitochondrial dysfunction. Recent human LONP1 cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures have revealed nucleotide- and substrate-dependent conformational states, including fold-sensing intermediates, pore-loop rearrangements, and catalytic-site organization, providing a structural framework for substrate processing and state-dependent ligandability. Functionally, LONP1 regulates the turnover or stability of metabolic enzymes such as pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 (PDK4), 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase 2 (HMGCS2), and aconitase 2 (ACO2), thereby influencing carbon flux, epigenetic regulation, and immune-related metabolic programs. LONP1 deficiency or dysfunction can promote mitochondrial stress responses, including mtDNA release and cyclic GMP-AMP synthase-stimulator of interferon genes (cGAS-STING)-dependent inflammation, with implications for aging, pulmonary fibrosis, developmental disorders such as cerebral, ocular, dental, auricular, and skeletal anomalies (CODAS) syndrome, and organ injury. Conversely, increased LONP1 activity or expression has been associated with tumor progression, desmoplastic remodeling, ferroptosis resistance, and viral pathogenesis in selected models, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3). Pharmacological studies, including activators, dual-target inhibitors, and bortezomib-bound structural complexes, support the potential ligandability of LONP1 but also highlight unresolved issues in selectivity, target engagement, mitochondrial toxicity, and context-dependent therapeutic windows. This review summarizes current structural, mechanistic, and pharmacological evidence for LONP1 as a context-dependent immunometabolic regulatory node and discusses limitations and open questions that must be addressed before clinical translation.

Current epigenetic clocks face a trade-off between predictive accuracy and biological interpretability, often relying on dataset-specific correction to generalize across cohorts. We propose GT-Mamba, a novel architecture that integrates a Structure-Aware Graph Transformer with the Mamba state space model. This design captures CpG topological correlations and genome-wide long-range dependencies.

To identify plasma proteins with causal roles in vascular aging and to quantify the mediating effects of blood pressure, lipids, and glucose.

Transcription by RNA polymerase II (RNAPII), which is essential for protein-coding gene expression and cellular function, is increasingly understood to become dysregulated with aging. Here, we use a multimodal approach to comprehensively characterize age-dependent changes in RNAPII-mediated transcription in both mouse and human tissues. Short-read total RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) to profile nascent transcription reveals a global reduction in overall transcriptional activity/frequency in aged tissues, without apparent change in elongation rates. Transcriptomic analysis reveals a shift toward preferential expression of short genes in aged tissues, with notable upregulation of short stress-response genes and downregulation of long neurodevelopmental genes in the aged mouse brain. These results are recapitulated by analysis of total RNA-seq data from human tissues. Leveraging long-read RNA-seq, we determine that the representation of aberrant mono-exonic and intron-retention splice isoforms is increased in the aged mouse brain. Finally, we characterize the composition of RNAPII transcriptional machinery, finding that interactions between RNAPII and the Mediator complex are decreased in the chromatin of aged mouse liver and brain. Collectively, these analyses provide insight for future aging studies and reveal potential transcriptional control targets for anti-aging drug development.