Longevity Papers

Epigenetic aging is a hallmark of chronic diseases. While such epigenetic changes can arise following tissue injury, the cell types most affected remain largely unknown. Here we built a cross-species single-cell multiomics atlas of DNA methylation, chromatin accessibility and transcription profiles from healthy, injured (human) and aged (mouse) kidneys. We found that tubular epithelial cells in diseased kidneys exhibit pronounced accelerated epigenetic aging and showed that this pathological state mirrors transcriptional trajectories observed during aging, driven by preferential dysregulation of lineage-specific genes lacking CpG islands. Spatially, these epigenetic changes mapped to pathological niches of unresolved repair. Co-profiling single-cell DNA methylation and 3D genome architecture revealed that epithelial repair states in disease undergo significant higher-order genome reorganizations, alongside activation of genes associated with renal decline. Together, our findings characterize a loss of epigenetic repression within coordinated three-dimensional chromatin structures and reduced local methylome integrity, which compromises epithelial cell identity during aging and impedes repair.

Frailty and cognitive decline are common among older adults, increasing risks of disability and loss of independence. We have previously demonstrated in mice that short session (≤10 minute) high-intensity interval training (HIIT) is an effective intervention for frailty, but benefits for cognitive function and reducing hallmarks of aging have not been examined. Thus, we studied 24-month-old female C57BL/6J mice from our previous study that remained sedentary or performed a 10-minute HIIT regimen 3-days-a-week for 8 weeks. We found HIIT improved cognitive aspects including an increase in T-maze alternation % and novel object recognition, but no differences were observed in Barnes maze or light-dark preference. To explore HIIT impacts on the hallmarks of aging, we examined liver, gastrocnemius muscle, and cortex brain tissues for mitochondria expression, autophagy, cellular senescence, and telomere length. HIIT increased expression of mitochondrial complexes I and V, as well as PGC1α and SIRT3 in all tissues. Autophagy marker beclin was elevated across all tissues, while p62 was increased in liver and muscle but not in the cortex, and LC3-II was lower in muscle and liver. Senescence marker p16 was lower in HIIT muscle and liver, whereas p21 decreased in liver but increased in muscle. Telomere lengths were greater in liver, but no changes in muscle or cortex. Additionally, within the group of sedentary mice, we identified differences in hallmarks of aging that potentially underlie frailty as measured using different mouse frailty assessment tools. These results highlight the potential for multi-tissue geroprotective benefits of short session HIIT to reduce frailty and improve cognition for healthy aging.

Erigeron breviscapus Hand-Mazz. (EBHM) is a well-documented herbal medicine with recognized antioxidant, anti-apoptotic, and anti-inflammatory bioactivities. However, its anti-senescence effects and the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here, we investigated the anti-senescence potential of EBHM employing Caenorhabditis elegans and SAMP8 mice. In C. elegans, EBHM treatment prolonged the average lifespan of C. elegans to a maximum of 18.68%, while also significantly enhancing stress resistance and motor function. The lifespan-extending effects of EBHM were abolished in mutants of aak-2, sir-2.1, daf-16, and cep-1. EBHM treatment increased p-AMPK/AMPK ratio and elevated levels of SIR-2.1 protein, facilitated the nuclear import of DAF-16::GFP as well as the upregulation of SOD-3::GFP expression, lowered MDA content, and enhanced the enzymatic activities of SOD, GSH-Px and CAT through a DAF-16-dependent mechanism. Furthermore, EBHM downregulated the mRNA levels of the pro-apoptotic genes cep-1and ced-3 (CASP3 homolog), while upregulating the anti-apoptotic gene ced-9 (Bcl-2 homolog) in C. elegans. In SAMP8 mice, EBHM reduced SA‑β‑gal‑positive cells, collagen deposition, and α-SMA expression in the liver and kidney, elevated the p-AMPK/AMPK ratio and SIRT1 expression, decreased levels of acetyl-FOXO3a, p53, acetyl-p53, p16, and p21, lowered MDA levels while enhancing antioxidant enzyme activities, diminished the proportion of apoptotic cells, downregulated Bax and CASP3, and upregulated Bcl-2. Collectively, these findings suggest that EBHM prolongs lifespan and healthspan in C. elegans and ameliorates aging‑associated tissue alterations in SAMP8 mice through activation of the AMPK-SIRT1 pathway, which enhances FOXO3a-dependent antioxidant defenses and modulates p53-mediated apoptosis, thereby alleviating oxidative stress and cellular damage.

Immunosenescence represents a central hallmark of organismal aging, characterized by a progressive decline in immune function, which compromises host defense and accelerates systemic aging. Hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) aging is a key contributor to this process, characterized by aberrant expansion, myeloid-biased differentiation, and impaired self-renewal, culminating in hematopoietic-immune imbalance. Although the expansion and survival advantages of aged HSCs have been well-demonstrated, the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Here, we reveal that regulatory T cells (Tregs) within the bone marrow (BM) microenvironment actively safeguard the survival of aged HSCs via a previously uncharacterized signaling pathway. We identify a novel aged HSC subpopulation characterized by high expression of Baculoviral IAP Repeat Containing 6 (BIRC6), an apoptosis inhibitor. This BIRC6-high subpopulation is markedly expanded in aged mice and recapitulates the hallmarks of HSC aging. Mechanistically, cAMP derived from BM Tregs activates the PKA-CREB pathway in HSCs, activating Birc6 transcription, which reduces apoptotic priming in aged HSCs, thereby promoting hematopoietic-immune imbalance. Strikingly, targeted BIRC6 inhibition in HSCs using antibody-conjugated lipid nanoparticle-encapsulated antisense oligonucleotides (LNP-ASOs) significantly reverses hematopoietic-immune aging phenotypes and ameliorates age-associated immune dysfunction in middle-aged mice. LNP-ASO treatment dramatically rebalances immune cell production, reduces immunosenescence markers, and enhances vaccine responses in middle-aged mice. More importantly, this strategy was also effective in HSCs from middle-aged human donors, highlighting its potential for clinical translation. These findings elucidate a key microenvironmental pathway (Treg-cAMP-PKA-CREB-BIRC6) driving HSC aging and offer a novel strategy to ameliorate the aged hematopoietic system and combat age-related immune decline.

Mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) senses nutrient availability to orchestrate metabolic processes that are crucial for physiological homeostasis and ageing

Centuries ago, Thomas Sydenham famously wrote, "A man is as old as his arteries", highlighting the importance of the vasculature for health and healthy aging. Here, we review recent developments in vascular aging research, focusing on how microvascular aging drives tissue dysfunction and the emerging therapeutic opportunities for vascular rejuvenation. Although macrovascular aging has long been studied, microvascular aging remains an emerging frontier. Recent single-cell and multiomic technologies now allow unprecedented resolution of vessel wall cellular and molecular heterogeneity across organs throughout life. Beyond angiogenesis, hemodynamics, barrier function, coagulation and inflammation, the vessel wall is increasingly recognized as an instructive gatekeeper of organ function: endothelial and mural cells actively control surrounding parenchyma via angiocrine and pericrine signaling mechanisms, controlling organ function in health and disease. Integrating these technological and conceptual advances has reshaped our understanding of vascular aging, revealing organotypic vulnerabilities and intercellular mechanisms that drive systemic decline.

Aging is characterized by immunosenescence, encompassing, immune aging and inflammaging. Because immune competence is a critical determinant of lifespan and healthspan, targeting immunosenescence has become a major objective of geroscience. In this context, sirtuins have emerged as compelling therapeutic candidates.

Skeletal ageing involves changes in endocrine regulation, mechanical loading and cellular function that can impair bone remodelling. Cellular senescence and the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) have emerged as mechanisms that help close this gap. In the ageing bone microenvironment, senescent osteocytes, mesenchymal stem cells, osteoblasts, immune cells, and vascular endothelial cells secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, matrix metalloproteinases, and Wnt antagonists such as sclerostin. Rather than acting as a parallel pathway, these factors converge on the same RANKL/OPG, Wnt/β-catenin, and NF-κB axes through which classical triggers operate, adding a locally generated, persistent input that promotes resorption and suppresses formation. Clearance of senescent cells prevents age-related bone loss in mice, indicating that the SASP is a distinct and independently addressable contributor to skeletal ageing. Here we review the components, regulation, and cell type-specific profiles of the bone-related SASP, and its differential involvement across age-related, postmenopausal, and secondary osteoporosis. We also assess senolytic and senomorphic approaches in relation to established osteoporosis treatments, discussing source-specific mechanisms, biomarker validation and longer-term skeletal outcomes as priorities for evaluating these approaches.

Gastrodia elata Blume (Tianma) is a traditional Chinese medicinal herb widely used for the management of dizziness, headache, convulsions, limb numbness, and neurological disorders. Modern pharmacological studies have demonstrated that G. elata possesses neuroprotective, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities that may be relevant to aging-associated functional decline. Parishin B, a representative phenolic constituent of G. elata, exhibits neuroprotective properties and diverse biological activities; however, its contribution to the traditional medicinal functions of Tianma and its potential anti-aging effects remain unclear.

The regenerative capacity of the liver decreases with age, limiting surgical options for elderly patients. While youthful systemic factors can reverse liver aging, the underlying mediators remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the systemic factors and cellular mechanisms that promote aged liver regeneration.

Aging clocks are typically trained on pooled multi-tissue data, implicitly assuming that aging is uniform across organs. Here we challenge this assumption by constructing 49 transcriptomic clocks across 47 tissue types and 2 cell-line categories from GTEx v8 (948 unique donors contributing to the retained clock categories) using donor-grouped cross-validation. Clocks achieved a median Pearson r of 0.543 (best: artery aorta, r = 0.855). We identified 10,253 unique clock genes, of which 69.2% appeared in only one tissue; however, null simulation confirmed that this low overlap is the expected consequence of sparse elastic-net selection rather than biological tissue-specificity. We then projected 3,926 LINCS L1000 compound-name entries onto each clock to build a drug × category age-reversal matrix. At a permissive threshold (|score|> 1.0), 94.2% of drugs showed mixed score directions (positive in some categories and negative in others). This permissive mixed-direction proportion was descriptive and did not itself exceed shuffled expectations. Under a more stringent exploratory criterion requiring |score|> 2.0 in at least three categories in each direction, 2.8% of compound entries showed pronounced bidirectional divergence, compared with approximately 0.1% under the shuffled null. Compound rankings remained stable when analysis was restricted to the 34 clocks with r ≥ 0.5 (Spearman ρ = 0.897 versus the full analysis). A Jaccard-based enrichment statistic yielded highly concordant compound rankings (median per-category Spearman ρ = 0.961), indicating that results were not artifacts of the enrichment method. After Benjamini-Hochberg FDR correction across all 192,374 drug-category pairs, only 0.79% reached FDR < 0.05, indicating that individual drug-category calls require caution. Rapamycin showed net pro-aging transcriptional signatures in our system; we explicitly emphasize that transcriptome-based scores and organismal lifespan are distinct endpoints. DepMap CRISPR analysis was repeated after GTEx-based standardization across 13 matched categories, although individual gene-level results were limited. Four statistical robustness tests confirmed model stability. These findings describe category-associated drug-score patterns and provide a tissue-aware resource for generating hypotheses about drug responses, while cautioning against over-interpretation of individual drug-category predictions without experimental validation.

The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway is an important integrator of processes involved in aging and longevity, coordinating nutrient sensing, metabolic adaptation, and cellular stress responses. This review presents a three-section framework in which mTOR functions as a dynamic signaling hub coordinating multiple biological processes underlying the aging process. Evidence from genetic, experimental, and translational studies supports a causal role for mTOR signaling in lifespan regulation in model organisms, whereas human data remain predominantly associative but biologically consistent. mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) and mTOR complex 2 (mTORC2) regulate distinct yet complementary aspects of cellular metabolism, proteostasis, autophagy, stress adaptation, and tissue homeostasis. Major geroprotective interventions-including autophagy activation, dietary interventions, physical activity, and senotherapeutics-partly converge on mTOR signaling but also engage parallel pathways. This adaptive regulation restores anabolic-catabolic balance, enhances stress resilience, and improves metabolic flexibility. Collectively, the available evidence identifies mTOR as an important integrative node linking multiple hallmarks of aging and diverse geroprotective interventions. Rather than representing a single therapeutic target, mTOR should be viewed as a context-dependent signaling hub which precise, tissue-specific modulation may promote healthy aging and support future geroscience-based interventions.